fw.3.4 Conflict over internationally shared water resources

Content

Geographic inquiry and concept(s)
- The varying power of different actors in relation to water management issues
Geographic knowledge and understanding
- Internationally shared water resources as a source of conflict
Case study or detailed examples
- Case study of one internationally shared water resource and the role of different stakeholders in attempting to find a resolution
Aims of this lesson
- To produce a case study of the River Nile as an internationally shared water resource as a source of conflict and the role of different stakeholders in attempting to find a resolution.

Experts say climate crisis, corruption and lack or misuse of infrastructure among factors driving water conflicts

The Guardian · 23 January 2026

Geopolitics
- The struggle over the control of geographical entities with an international and global dimension, and the use of such geographical entities for political advantage.

Hydro-diplomacy
- A branch of foreign relations that involves the use of diplomatic instruments to make shared water sources a domain for peace and cooperation rather than for conflict.

Stakeholders
- Individuals, groups, or organisations who have a vested interest in a particular geographic area, place, or issue. These stakeholders often have varying levels of influence, concern, or investment in the geographical context and can include local communities, government agencies, businesses, environmental organisations, and indigenous populations.

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Suggest one reason why population migration towards urban areas can increase pressure on aquifers. [2]
Explain two ways in which economic growth can increase pressure on freshwater lakes. [4]
To what extent are the causes of freshwater scarcity more physical than human. [10]
Examine the extent to which growing human pressures on aquifers threaten long-term water security. [10]
Examine the challenges of ensuring access to clean and affordable water in areas experiencing rapid economic growth. [10]